Archive for April, 2007

Income and Wealth. Investment, success, and inequality.

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I have posted a set of discussion guidelines on the course website, and linked that page from the syllabus. Please read the guidelines before the next discussion.  Feel free to add comments here, not to be scored.

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The Matthew effect and cumulative advantage. See links on the course website to get access to the readings. The film is on reserve in Green Media Center under “The Persuaders”.

Robert K. Merton. 1968. “The Matthew Effect in Science.” Science 159(January 5): 56-63.

Derek de Solla Price. 1976. “A General Theory of Bibliometric and Other Cumulative Advantage Processes.” Journal of the American Society for Information Science (September-October): 292-306

Robert K. Merton. 1988. “The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property.”Isis 79(December):, 606-623.

Paul A. David. 1994. “Positive Feedbacks and Research Productivity in Science: Reopening Another Black Box.” In O. Grandstrand, ed.Economics and Technology. Amsterdam: Elsevier.

Matthew J. Salganik, Peter Sheridan Dodds, and Duncan J. Watts. 2006. “Experimental Study of Inequality and Unpredictability in an Artificial Cultural Market.” Science 311(February 10): 854-856.

Film: Frontline: The Persuaders (screened April 18 )

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Self-organization, complexity, and networks.

Fritjof Capra, 1995. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. chapters 5-6.

Magoroh Maruyama. 1963. “The Second Cybernetics.” American Scientist. 51: 164-179. [link]

Albert-Laszlo Barabasi and Eric Bonabeau. 2003. “Scale-Free Networks.” Scientific American 288(May) [link]

David P. Reed. 2001. “The Law of the Pack.” Harvard Business Review (February): 23-24 [link]

Film: Mindwalk (screened April 11)

Please post comments below.

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Systems thinking, feedback, and cybernetics.

  • Fritjof Capra, 1995. The Web of Life: A New Scientific Understanding of Living Systems. chapters 1-4.
  • Arturo Rosenblueth, Norbert Wiener, and Julian Bigelow. 1943. “Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology.” Philosophy of Science, 10(January): 18-24. [link]

Please post comments below.

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Here’s a summary of the blog posting and scoring as I’ve developed it so far. Feel free to make a comment or ask a question on this post. Comments posted here will not be graded.

You should post at least one comment per week starting with the Week 2 entry, which I will post after this one. You are probably wondering how long a comment should be, and how many comments you should make. The main thing I want to say is that I am looking for quality more than quantity. If you have read Slashdot, you know that a short comment can get a high score and be considered very insightful, and conversely a long one can be rather undistinguished. Try to make your comments no longer or shorter than they need to be – that’s part of the art of good commenting. Regarding the number of comments you make – the same principle applies. Scoring will only happen after a few weeks of postings and is holistic over that set, so you will not get scores for individual comments that would add together.

Over time, it should become clearer what the norms are regarding all this, but I don’t want to impose anything from the start. Blog comments are worth 45% of your total grade (the presentation/discussion leading is 40%, and general attendance and participation is 15%). At three points in the quarter: following weeks 2-3 (10 points), 4-7 (20 points), and 8-10 (15 points), I will solicit from each person the following scores (out of the points available during that period), to be sent to me by email:

  • a score for your own comments (Sk, assuming you are student
    k)
  • a score for each of the other students in the class (Pki for
    each student i)

Before reading your self/peer scores, I will assign my own score (Ti) to each student’s comments. I will not share any information about your scoring with anyone else in the class – only I will know how you scored yourselves and each other. Assuming you are student k and there are n students (indexed by i) in the class, your total score for the period being scored will be:

(1/3) Tk

+

(1/3) {Sk / [1 + ln(1+ |Sk - Tk|)]}

+

(1/3) [∑i≠k Pik / (n-1)] / {1 + ln[1 +∑i≠k |Ti - Pki| / (n-1)]}
This formula combines my score for you with your own self-evaluation and your peers’ evaluations of you weighted by a meta-evaluation (how well your scores agree with mine). This is an incentivizing system, but it makes it very hard to get a perfect score. As you will see, though, that is okay once you understand that scores are bound to appear lower than they otherwise would be. Don’t worry – it won’t mean that everyone will get a low grade at the end. The main things to understand are that (a) your total score will depend on what you, I, and your peers each think, and (b) your total score will benefit a lot if you assign scores to yourself and others that you think will be close to the ones I will assign. It should work okay if I assign scores that people think are fair. The formula above is friendlier than the one I initially came up with, and I think it will be easier for everyone to deal with. We’ll have a few iterations to test it out.

It may seem like I am weighting my own opinion excessively (by defining my own scores to be the standard for comparison with self/peer scores), but remember that if I were grading in the usual way, your own and your fellow students’ evaluations of you wouldn’t count at all. This system is designed to get everyone thinking seriously about the value of their own and others’ contributions. And I will certainly welcome your feedback on the scoring system as we proceed, especially at the end of the course when we have had a real chance to see how it works.

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Welcome to Symbolic Systems 205. Feel free to post comments about yourself or the course as responses to this posting, to get used to using the course blog. Commenting is not required for week 1, however.

To post a comment, click on the comments link below this entry.

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